Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina     Issue 48       Publication date: June 2017

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Influence of deposition parameters on pulsed laser deposition of K_0.3MoO₃ thin films Original Scientific Article

Đekić Maja, Salčinović Fetić Amra, Hrvat Kerim, Lozančić Matej

Abstract: Pulsed laser deposition (PLD) has become the most important technique for the production of new materials with complex stoichiometry and multilayered structures. In this paper we present parameters that influence the production of K_0.3MoO₃ (KBB) thin films by PLD. KBB is a quasi-one-dimensional (q-1D) conductor that exhibits transition to a new ground state of charge density wave (CDW) below a transition temperature Tp. It is considered to be a “canonical“ CDW system and its properties have been extensively researched in bulk. In recent years, production of KBB thin films has enabled investigation of CDW properties in the conditions of reduced dimensionality. Choice of deposition parameters highly influences production of the films and therefore it is essential to investigate it in order to obtain high quality films. This investigation enables one to determine optimal conditions for the production of KBB thin films by PLD.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 1-4.

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The Correlation between C-Reactive Protein and Regulation of Glycemia in Type-2 Diabetic Patients Original Scientific Paper

Mandal Šaćira, Čaušević Adlija

Abstract: Inflammation plays a significant role in the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D). Studies have indicated that C-reactive protein (CRP) as inflammatory marker is an important risk factor for insulin resistance (IR) and T2D. The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of fasting C-reactive protein, glucose, and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) in a total of 40 adults with Type 2 diabetes (40-60 years of the age) and 40 healthy subjects as control group (the same ages). We found that C–reactive protein concentrations in diabetic subjects were higher than those in control group. Also, our results have shown the significant association between CRP and hemoglobin A1c levels (p<0.05) and positive association with glucose concentrations (p>0.05) in T2 diabetics. A negative, but not significant correlation of CRP with glucose and hemoglobin A1c levels was demonstrated in controls. Therefore, our findings suggest an association between glycemic control and systematic inflammation in people with diagnosed diabetes.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 5-8.

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Inhibitory effects of selected phenolic acids on the oscillations of the Briggs-Rauscher reaction Original Scientific Paper

Džomba Emina, Gojak-Salimović Sabina

Abstract: Phenolic acids are secondary metabolites of aromatic plant that  possess prominent antioxidant activity. When an antioxidant is added to an active oscillating Briggs-Rauscher reaction mixture, there is an immediate cessation of the oscillations, an inhibition time that linearly depends on the concentration of the antioxidant added, and a subsequent regeneration of oscillations. In this study, the effects of concentration of the ethanol solutions of selected phenolic acids (gallic, caffeic, chlorogenic, rosmarinic, p-coumaric and m-coumaric acids) on the oscillatory system Briggs-Rauscher reaction were investigated. The reaction was performed in a constantly stirred reactor, with accurately defined concentrations of reactants, at constant temperature of 25°C. Flow oscillations in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction mixture were monitored as a change in potential between the platinum electrode and silver/silver chloride reference electrode. Relative antioxidant activities of phenolic acids were determined in three ways on the basis of inhibition times. The obtained results showed that the gallic and p-coumaric acids have much less antioxidant activity than the caffeic, chlorogenic and rosmarinic acids. The ability to inhibit oscillations of the Briggs-Rauscher reaction mixture is not showed for m-coumaric acid.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 9-14.

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Electrochemical treatment of leather industry wastewater Original Scientific Paper

Halilović Namir, Krdžalić Edin, Bašić Azra, Dacić Minela, Avdić Nurudin

Abstract: Leather industry wastewater is contaminated with bacteria including Escherichia Coli. In this paper, results obtained from analysis of leather industry  wastewater samples with use of copper electrodes are presented and compared with the results of  use of aluminum electrodes and mixed metal oxide electrodes. In all experiments the same materials were used as anode and cathode except the two last where anode of the mixed metal oxides and steel cathode was used. Electrodes with platinum group metals or their oxides as active coatings are generally the best suited for electrochemical water disinfection. After 7 min of electrolysis at only 0,018 A/dm², Cl^- was reduced using both tested electrodes, the efficiency of microorganisms removal followed the order: Cu > Al. The electrochemical treatment of  wastewater resulted in  the production of chlorine gas and hypochlorite, which is microorganisms deactivator. Also, electrocoagulation by aluminum anode  was used for water purification to reduce all pollutants, including chlorides and microorganisms. 

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 15-20.

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The determination of iron levels in Menthae tea (Mentha piperita L.) Original Scientific Paper

Mandal Šaćira, Keškić Nejra, Marevac Naida

Abstract: Menthae tea (Mentha piperita L.) is one of the most widely consumed herbal teas. This tea is recognized as a drink that may have several health benefits, primarily due to the presence of nutritional elements especially essential micro and ultramicro elements. In this study, we investigated the content of iron in mentha tea samples found in a local market in Sarajevo. The preparation of the samples was done by dry digestion in triplicate while levels of iron were analyzed by spectrophotometry. The amounts of iron were ranged from 275.6 mg Fe/kg to 354.6 mg Fe/kg. The used spectrophotometric method is simple and sensitive method that can be applied for the determination of total Fe content in plant material.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 21-26.

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Contribution to Knowledge of Contains on Peridotite Rocks of the Krivaja-Konjuh Ophiolitic Complex (Massif) Original Scientific Paper

Operta Mevlida

Abstract: Krivaja-Konjuh ultramafic complex is mainly constructed of ultramafic rocks associated with different varieties of igneous rocks (gabbro, dolerite, diabase, spilite, keratophyres, granitoids) and metamorphic rocks (amphibolites, amphibolite schists and eclogites). This paper presents results of mineralogical and chemical analysis of ultramafite rocks (peridotite-lherzolites) samples in the southern part of Krivaja-Konjuh massif. The samples were examined optically, by using method of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy and electron microprobe method. Optical results showed that lherzolites have uniform textural characteristics and mineral composition. Results of chemical studies on these rocks demonstrated modal composition with high content of MgO, low content of CaO and high content of  MgO:FeO (about 5 and up). Based on CIPW normative system, their composition is uniform with a very small variation in the content of diopside, with a slightly larger variation in the content of olivine. The rhombic pyroxene in composition correspond to enstatite and monoclinic pyroxenes are diopside by the composition . Spinel in peridotites are Al spinels and Al chromium spinels.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 27-34.

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Application of Aloe Vera as Green Corrosion Inhibitor for Aluminum Alloy Types AA8011 and  AA8006 in 3,5% NaCl Original Scientific Paper

Bikić Farzet, Kasapović Dejana, Delijić Kemal, Radonjić Dragan

Abstract: This paper presents testing data on application possibilities of Aloe Vera as green corrosion inhibitor for aluminum alloy types AA8011 and  AA8006 in 3.5% NaCl. Electrochemical DC linear polarization method has been used in the first phase of testing process, with the goal of determining the optimal concentration of Aloe Vera as inhibitor of mentioned alloys in 3.5% NaCl, by polarization resistance value. During first testing process, only one aluminum alloy type AA8011 was used. By adding the inhibitor in 3.5% NaCl, the polarization resistance increases, and the highest result was recorded in Aloe Vera concentration of 5 cm³dm^-3. During second phase of testing, the inhibition affect of optimal Aloe Vera concentration was tested for aluminum alloy type AA8011 and AA8006 in 3.5% NaCl by curves of  Taffel extrapolation method. The results of conducted tests show that Aloe Vera in concentration of 5 cm³dm^-3 can be used as green inhibitor for aluminum alloys type AA8011 and  AA8006 of the Al-Fe-Si-Mn system, in 3.5% NaCl at room temperature (20 ± 2 ºC). All tested samples of aluminum alloy in 3.5% NaCl solution with the presence of inhibitor show significant shifting of Open Circuit Potential (E_OCP) towards positive values in respect with Open Circuit Potential (E_OCP) of treated aluminum alloy samples in 3.5% NaCl solution without inhibitor presence. Likewise, most of the samples treated in 3.5% NaCl solution with the presence of inhibitor lead to decrease of corrosion current density in relation to samples tested in 3.5% NaCl solution without inhibitor presence. 

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 35-40.

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Zn-Ni alloy coating made of chloride electrolyte Original Scientific Paper

Dautbašić Adem, Ćatić Sead, Ćatić Osman

Abstract: Electrodeposition coating based on Zn-Ni alloys was made of chloride electrolyte which contains 142.56 g/dm³ NiCl₂x6H₂O; 109.03 g/dm³ ZnCl₂; 30.9 g/dm³ H₃BO₃; 223.65 g/dm³ KCl; 40.99 g/dm³  CH₃COONa. As the result coatings of different sizes and different amount of Ni in each coating were prepared. The samples were tested in salt spray chambers according to BS EN ISO 10289:2001standard. The best results showed coatings which were over 10 μm thick and which contained up to 15% of Nickle. There were no signs of corrosion even after 2160 hours of being in salt spray chambers.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 41-44.

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Electrodeposition of polyaniline films on stainless steel and their voltammetric behavior in corrosive environments Original Scientific Paper

Gutić Sanjin, Cacan Merzuk, Korać Fehim

Abstract: Polyaniline films were electrodeposited on the stainless steel substrates from aniline solutions with different acids. Kinetic of the film growth is discussed in terms of corrosion behavior of steel substrates in pure acids. Wide passive region in sulfuric and phosphoric acid enables initial oxidation of aniline and consequent deposition of polymer, without concurrent dissolution of alloy. On the other hand, in hydrochloric acid substrates actively dissolute at potentials necessary for aniline oxidation. However, formation of polymeric deposits is possible even in this case, probably due to the inhibition effect of aniline or oligoanilines formed during initial periods of anodic polarization. All deposited films exhibit electroactive behavior in low pH medium, while totally lose their ability for redox transitions in higher pH.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 45-50.

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Many roles of melatonin: diversity and complexity of reaction pathways Review

Galijašević Semira

Abstract: Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxy tryptamine) is well known as a free radical scavenger and antioxidant involved in different biological and physiological regulation such as modulation of circadian rhythms, seasonal reproduction, retinal physiology and sleep regulation. Synthetic melatonin is available commercially, and its supplements have been used clinically to treat a variety of medical conditions such as jet lag, shift work and sleep disorders. Recent studies demonstrated that melatonin serves as an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase (MPO) under physiological-like conditions. Melatonin-dependent inhibition of MPO occurred with a wide range of concentrations that span various physiological and supplemental ranges. Myeloperoxidase is enzyme involved in leukocyte-mediated host defenses but plays a pathogenic role during chronic inflammatory conditions. MPO levels implicate inflammation in the walls of coronary arteries, which in turn, may indicate a risk for heart disease or heart attack. Thus, supplementary concentrations of melatonin can influence physiological and pathophysiological role of MPO. In addition, MPO modulates nitric oxide production, so melatonin can indirectly affects nitric oxide concentration. Amounting evidence shows new emerging role of melatonin and its metabolites beyond the classic one. This review focuses on newly discovered mechanistic pathways of melatonin activity that has to be taken into consideration when discussing pharmacological uses of melatonin.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 48, 51-58.

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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina         Issue 49         Publication date: December 2017

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Phytochemical screening, quantitative determination of phenolic compounds, and antioxidative activity of Ostrya carpinifolia Original Scientific Article

Starčević Mirsada, Subašić Mirel, Pustahija Fatima

Abstract: Ostrya carpinifolia is an interesting and suitable species for reforestation and landscaping.For the first time ever, phenolic profile, antioxidative and antimicrobial activity of O. carpinifolia was done in this study. Aqueous and methanol extracts of the aerial parts were analyzed using either fast screening methods of secondary metabolites, and UV/VIS spectrophotometry for determination of polyphenolic contents and antioxidant activity (DPPH). Antimicrobial activity of methanol extracts was investigated using the disc diffusion method against a selected nine microorganisms. Phytochemical tests confirm the presence of cardiac glycosides, coumarins, emodins, flavonoids, tannins, terpenes, terpenoids and steroids, while anthocyanins, fatty acids and saponins were absent in all aqueous extracts. Leucoanthocyanins were observed only in the stem extract. Methanol extracts of leaves contain the highest level of total phenolics and flavonoids (35.574 and 30.908 mg CE g^-1 DW, respectively), while the inflorescences extracts were the richest with total proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids (19.165 mg CE and 9.342 mg CAE g^-1 DW, respectively). All methanol extracts showed very strong antioxidative activity, where the lowest activity was recorded for inflorescences (IC₅₀: 0.242 mg mL^-1) and the highest for stem (IC₅₀: 0.107 mg mL^-1). Analyzed extracts showed no antimicrobial activity against the test organisms. ANOVA indicated the presence of significant differences between the total phenolics and flavonoids and DPPH (p<0.05). Duncan’s test confirmed the presence of statistically significant and very high positive correlation (R=0.989) between total phenolics and phenolic acids contents. Obtained results indicate the necessity of further research of European hop-hornbeam.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 1-8.

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Spatial and seasonal variation of PAHs concentration in the Spreča river Original Scientific Paper

Mujić Emir, Pita Bahto Anesa, Mahmutović Omer, Prazina Nedžad, Papić Sejfo

Abstract:The largest part of the river Spreča flows through the heavily populated region of Tuzla canton, and it is also area of mining-industrial zone. This study monitors the PAHs content, in the part of Spreča’s flow which is extremely exposed to these pollutants during the year of 2015. Content of PAHs in the river were analyzed on three locations: prior Modrac lake, in the lake and on the mouth of Spreča into river Bosna. Determination of PAHs in the water was performed by HPLC techniques - fluorescence detection, after liquid-liquid extraction. Eight PAHs, recommended by EU directive, have been analyzed: naphthalene, anthracene, fluoranthene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(ghi)perylene. The highest concentration was found for naphthalene. Except naphthalene, concentration of all other PAHs was significantly higher on the mouth of Spreča than on the two previous locations. Concentration of all PAHs significantly varies during seasons and it was highest during the winter period. High level of naphthalene and fluoranthene comes from coal-mining area which is prior to Modrac lake and also from the soda drinks chemical industry further away fromthe lake. Other six PAHs mainly come from soda drimks -chemical industry.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 9-14.

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Antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables commonly used in everyday diet in Bosnia and Herzegovina Original Scientific Paper

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 15-18.

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Impact of the use of alternative fuels in cement production on emission of harmful pollutantsOriginal Scientific Paper

Iličković Zoran, Zilić Fehim, Sadadinović Jasminka, Andrejaš Franc, Begić Sabina

Abstract: Cement industry is a huge energy consumer, and at the same time a huge greenhouse gases generator – approx. 7% seven percent of the total global CO2 emission in 2010 (Deja, Uliasz-Bochenczyk and Mokrzycki, 2010). High fuel consumption weakens the economy of the process and the acceptance of cement’s market price, so many cement companies have turned to research to use alternative fuels in production in order to reduce both the production costs and greenhouse gas emissions. However, due to the fact that this process is basically a waste incineration, the cement industry is constantly under pressure from the general public and environmental associations, so the tests are constantly being carried out to determine emissions of harmful pollutants during the use of various alternative materials in the cement production process. This paper investigates the impact of the use of some alternative fuels (scrap tires, used oils, waste from the coal industry, waste from the tanneries and leather industry, waste from oil refining – filter cake and oily wipes & rags) in an amount of 10% (energy) on emission of harmful pollutants in cement production. The results obtained by these tests show that, although there are evident differences in the content of individual pollutants for different types of alternative fuels, total emissions stays within statutory limits.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 19-24.

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Determination of phenolic content and antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Viscum album ssp. album Beck. Original Scientific Paper

Tahirović Azra, Bašić Neđad

Abstract: Content of phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from Viscum album ssp. album Beck. leaves and stems was determined. Mistletoe was collected from four different hosts (Betula L., Tilia cordata Mill., Robina pseudoacacia L, and Salix alba L.). Folin-Ciocalteu method, AlCl3 method, method with Arnow reagent, and acid-butanol assay were used for determination of total phenols, flavonoids, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins respectively. Antioxidant properties of the extracts were investigated with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method. Total phenols were in range 7.02-13.52 mg GAE/g DW, flavonoids 2.29-5.05 mg RE/g DW, phenolic acids 0.62–2.84 mg caffeic CAE/g DW and proanthocyanidins 0.63 -4.83 mg LCE/g DW. Content of flavonoids and proanthocyanidins was higher in leaves than the stems. The highest antioxidant activity in leaves (68.93-86.89 μmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) and in stems (67.28-81.72 μmol Trolox equivalents/g DW) with DPPH, ABTS and FRAP method had mistletoe collected from Robina pseudoacacia L. Also, high correlation was obtained between total phenols, phenolic acids and proanthocyanidins content and antioxidant activity.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 25-30.

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Optimization of the spectroscopic method using potassium peroxymonosulfate for determination of antioxidant capacity Original Scientific Paper

Marjanović Aleksandra, Đeđibegović Jasmina, Popovac Sanida, Omeragić Elma, Korać Fehim, Čaklovica Faruk, Turalić Amila, Šober Miroslav

Abstract: In this study, we were testing possible usage of commercial tablets for dental prosthesis, containing potassium peroxymonosulfate as a reagent for determination of antioxidant capacity in vitro. Our aim was to develop fast, simple and cheap method for determination of antioxidant capacity that will be suitable for laboratories with modest resources. This method was previously proposed, but we have chosen somewhat different approach. Because of the quite narrow linear range, when ascorbic acid was used as standard, for the preparation of the calibration curve, we have used a catechin in the concentration range from 0.125 mg/mL to 12.5 mg/mL. Obtained calibration curve was linear with correlation coefficient of R2=0.992 and it was used for further determination of antioxidant capacity of selected samples. In order to test the possibility of this method for determination of antioxidant capacity of real samples, we have used five samples which antioxidant capacity was proven in previous testing with different in vitro and in vivo methods.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 31-34.

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Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of ferulic, homovanillic and vanillic acids using the Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction method Original Scientific Paper

Aljović Ilhana, Gojak-Salimović Sabina

Abstract: In this study, the antioxidant activity of aqueous and ethanolic solutions of ferulic, homovanillic and vanillic acids were evaluated using Briggs-Rauscher oscillating reaction method. This method is based on the inhibitory effects of antioxidants on the oscillations of the Briggs-Rauscher reaction mixture. The inhibitory effect consists of an immediate quenching of oscillations, an inhibition time that depends on the amount and type of the antioxidant added, and a subsequent regeneration of oscillations. Flow oscillations in the Briggs-Rauscher reaction mixture were followed potentiometrically. In all samples, the inhibition times increased with increasing concentration and linearity was found in a wide concentration range of phenolic acid added. The antioxidant activity decreased in following order: ferulic acid > homovanillic acid > vanillic acid. It was also investigated the antioxidant activity for two-component and three-component mixtures of aqueous solutions examined phenolic acids.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 35-38

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Spectrophotometric determination of Fe ions using green tea extract Original Scientific Paper

Martinović Bevanda Anita, Talić Stanislava, Ivanković Anita, Marić Lucija

Abstract: A batch spectrophotometric method for determination of Fe (II) and Fe (III) using green tea extract as reagent is proposed. The method is based on complex formation reaction between Fe and polyphenol compounds from green tea in buffered medium (pH = 4.8). Absorbance of Fe-polyphenol complex formed during the reaction was measured at 570 nm wavelength. The linear dynamic ranges are obtained from 1.0 × 10-5 to 5.0 × 10-4mol/L. The applicability of the proposed method was demonstrated by determination of Fe ions in pharmaceutical dosage forms, orange juice, degassed mineral water and candy.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 39-42.

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Chemical Characterisation of the Spring Waters used for Health Care, Guber, Srebrenica, Bosnia and Herzegovina Original Scientific Paper

Nesimović Edin, Huremović Jasna, Gojak-Salimović Sabina, Avdić Nurudin, Žero Sabina, Nesimović Edina

Abstract: The Guber spring waters in Srebrenica (Bosnia and Herzegovina) were used for centuries, and continue to be used for health-care purposes. The experts noted 48 mineral springs of different discharges and chemical composition. In this study, the physico-chemical properties, content of heavy metals and anions were determined in four selected spring waters (Mali Guber, Očna voda, Sinus voda and Ljepotica). Very low pH and very high concentrations of iron and sulphate are found in all springs. The highest concentrations of iron (2069 μg/mL) and sulphate (2486 μg/mL) and the lowest pH (1.67) were measured at spring Očna voda. The concentration of other metals and anions varied between different springs. Correlations between physico-chemical parameters and concentration of metals and anions in the water samples were also evaluated. Results for the spring water Sinus voda were evaluated for the first time.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 43-48.

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Krečo Anes, Zejnilagić-Hajrić Meliha

Abstract: Astronomy, like no other scientific discipline, combines elements from almost the whole spectrum of research, from high energy physics to philosophy and psychology. It is expected that chemistry, as one of the fundamental sciences, finds significant place in this ever increasing field of frontier research. Astronomy topics in gymnasiums in Canton Sarajevo are, at present time, part of physics and geography programs. This paper explains how study of astronomy can be progressed by its incorporation in gymnasium subject such as chemistry. Topics can be chemical composition of celestial bodies, organic molecules present in gas clouds and exotic types of matter not found on Earth. The benefit of this incorporation does not hold only at purely educational level but expands on the goal of bringing somewhat abstract and fascinating ideas of reality beyond the tangible borders of Earth with the aim of increasing the interest of students in the subject of chemistry.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 49, 49-52.

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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina         Issue 50         Publication date: June 2018

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HPLC method for determination the content of thymol and carvacrol in Thyme tincture Original Scientific Article

Dedić Mirza, Bečić Ervina, Imamović Belma, Žiga Nermina, Medanhodžić-Vuk Saira, Šober Miroslav

Abstract: Genus Thymus contains about 300-400 species, many of which are used in traditional medicine. Thymus vulgaris (thyme) is the most commonly used Thymus. In official medicine, thyme is used as a general medicine for colds, flu, fever, coughing and bronchitis, such as: an antiseptic, spasmolytic, antifungicide, antitus, tonic, antihelmintic, antioxidant agent, antivirantic agent, carminative, sedative, diaforetic, antibacterial and as refresh remedy. The pharmacological effects of thyme are most closely related to its polyphenolic components, thymol and carvacrol. The most used chromatographic methods for determination of active compounds in herbal preparation is high-performance liquid chromatography. Results obtained by statistical processing are in the reference interval, which is  recommended by the ICH guidelines. By analyzing Thymi tincturae, it was found that the concentration of thymols was 0.807 mg/g of tincture, while the concentration of carvacrol was 0.082 mg/g tincture. This analysis is very fast, reliable and economical.

The method does not require a complicated sample preparation and as such can be used in the regular control of the content of thymol and carvacrol in the finished product and the semi-product (tincture).

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 1-6.

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The effects of a context-rich approach in teaching thermodynamics Original Scientific Paper

Mahmutović Sabaheta, Mešić Vanes

Abstract: Earlier research shows that at all educational levels students have many misconceptions about thermal phenomena. Often these misconceptions are related to difficulties with differentiating the meaning that concepts have in everyday language and in the language of science. In this study we aimed to investigate the effects of enriching traditional instruction about thermodynamics with qualitative and quantitative examples from everyday life. To that end we conducted a pre-post quasi-experiment with 114 high-school students (mostly 15-year-olds) divided into four subgroups. Two subgroups (n=60) received the traditional instruction, whereas in the remaining two subgroups (n=54) a context-rich approach to learning thermodynamics has been implemented. Analysis of covariance showed that there are no statistically significant between-group differences when it comes to conceptual understanding of thermodynamics. However, the context-rich approach proved to be significantly more effective when it comes to increasing students' interest in science. The level of aroused interest was higher in girls than in boys.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 7-12.

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Hemoglobin HbA₁c and glucose blood levels in diabetic patients Original Scientific Paper 

Tahirović Ismet, Mahovac Enesa, Dizdar Muamer, Toromanović Jasmin, Mahmutović Omer, Lepara Zahid, Ajanović Atifa

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Effect of solvents on phenolic compounds extraction and antioxidant activity of Prunus spinosa L. fruits Original Scientific Paper

Tahirović Azra, Bašić Neđad, Čopra-Janićijević Amira

Abstract: The aim of this work was quantification of phenolic compounds and determination of antioxidant activity of Prunus spinosa fruit extracts. Extractions of phenolic compounds were carried out with water and four alcohol mixture (50% methanol, 50% ethanol, 80% methanol, and 80% ethanol). Spectrophotometric determination of phenolic compounds was done by Folin-Ciocalteu method and flavonoids with AlCl₃ method. Arnow reagent was used in determination of phenolic acid content while anthocyanin content was determined with pH differential method. Butanol-HCl assay was applied to determine proanthocyanidin content. Investigated phenolic compounds were in the range of 14.02-30.20 mg GAE/g dw (total phenolic compounds), 0.789-1.538 mf RE/g dw and 0.450-1.039 mg QE/g dw (flavonoids), 4.55-7.24 mg CAE/g dw (phenolic acids), 0.361-1.05 mg CGE/g dw (anthocyanins), 3.97-26.49 mg CE/g dw (proanthocyanins). The highest content of investigated compounds was found for 50% ethanol extract (except anthocyanins) and the lowest content was in water extract. The highest antioxidant activity had 50% ethanol extract for all antioxidant methods. Very high correlations were found between antioxidant activity and content of all analyzed compounds. 

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 19-24.

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Gender differences in understanding of thermal expansion Original Scientific Paper

Vidak Andrej

Abstract: Investigation of gender differences in science allows us to tailor our instruction to the needs, interests and abilities of all our students. In this study we aimed to investigate gender differences in conceptual understanding of thermal expansion. To that end tenconceptual questions were administered to 195 first year students at the Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb. Male students significantly outperformed female students. Particularly large differences in favor of males were observed on questions that required reasoning about thermal expansion in one dimension.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 25-30.

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Influence of the delta ferrite content on the corrosion behavior of austenitic stainless steel Nitronic 60 Original Scientific Paper

Gigović-Gekić Almaida, Bikić Farzet, Avdušinović Hasan

Abstract: Nitronic 60 (UNS S21800) is a highly alloyed austenitic stainless steel with increased content of manganese and silicon. It has a good mechanical and corrosion properties at elevated temperatures and loads. Nitronic 60 has the austenitic microstructure at room temperature but depending on chemical composition the presence of other phase in austenite matrix is possible, i.e. delta ferrite. The aim of this study is better understanding of delta ferrite content influence on corrosion sensitivity of Nitronic 60. The corrosion sensitivity test was conducted in the corrosion cell using potentiostat/galvanostat according to Standard ASTM G5 (Princeton Applied Research, model 263A-2, with the PowerCORR® software), (Standard, ASTM G5-94). Investigation was performed in 0.9% NaCl solution. Taffel extrapolation method was used to test general corrosion. Method of cyclic polarization was used for investigation of pitting corrosion. Tests were performed at room temperature, 20±1°C.The corrosion tests results indicate that the intensity of both examined forms of corrosion, general and pitting corrosion, is increased with increasing delta ferrite content.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 31-34.

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Correlation between hemoglobin A1c and lipid profile in Bosnian diabetic patients - gender differences Original Scientific Paper

Mandal Šaćira, Čaušević Adlija 

Abstract: The prevalence of Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) as a metabolic disease is rapidly rising worldwide. The purpose of this study was to determine concentrations of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), fasting glucose, and lipid profile in a total of 104 adults, 24 patients with newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetes (40-60 years of the age), 40 Type 2 diabetes, and 40 healthy subjects as control group (the same ages). On the basis of these results, we were able to assess the differences due to gender and age in tested population as well as the relationship between glycemic control (HbA1c) and serum lipid profile. Therefore, we properly evaluated the importance of HbA1c as an indicator of dyslipidemia in patients with T2D in selected Bosnian population. Hemoglobin A1c was determined by immunoturbidimetric assay, while fasting glucose and lipid profile were analyzed according to standard clinical methods on BT PLUS 2000-Biotechnic Instruments Bioanalyzer. We found that glycated hemoglobin concentrations in newly diabetic subjects were higher than those in other two groups. Statistically significant differences between study populations were seen at the level of glucose, cholesterol, HDL and LDL cholesterol, HbA1c, triacylglycerol and patient age. Also, our results have shown the significant negative correlation between HbA1c and cholesterol and HDL levels (p^***<0.001) while positive correlation was observed with glucose and patient age (p^***<0.001) in all study groups. According to our results, hemoglobin A1c can also be used as a predictor of dyslipidemia and thus early diagnosis of dyslipidemia can be used as a preventive measure for the development of cardiovascular diseases in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 35-42.

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Chemical characterization, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of Mentha spicata L. (Lamiaceae) essential oil Original Scientific Paper

Nikšić Haris, Durić Kemal, Omeragić Elma, Nikšić Hedija, Muratović Samija, Bečić Fahir

Abstract: The aim of the present study was to examine chemical composition, antibacterial and antioxidative activity of essential oil extracted from the leaf of Mentha spicata. The essential oil composition was investigated by GC/MS. Thirty three components were identified, accounting for 98,9% of the essential oil. Dominant components were carvone (56,4%), limonene (16,2%), 1,8 cineole  (7%), β-pinene (2,4) and α- terpinene (2,3%). Agar disk diffusion assay was used to evaluate antibacterial activity of essential oil. The essential oil exhibited significant level of antibacterial activity against all tested bacterial strains. In general, Gram-negative bacteria were more susceptible to M. spicata essential oil than Gram-positive bacteria. E coli was the most sensitive of the microorganisms to the antibacterial activity of M. spicata essential oil. The 2,2-diphenyl-l-1-phthydrazide (DPPH) radical removal method was used for evaluating the antioxidant potential of the essential oils.. The result showed a considerable level of antioxidant activities of the essential oil investigated with (IC50 = 41, 23 µg/mL).  Based on our results, M. spicata essential oil with a strong antioxidant and antibacterial activities, could serve as a safe natural antioxidant and antiseptic supplements in the pharmaceutical and food industry.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 43-48.

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Determination of clindamycin hydrochloride content in 1% clindamycin lotion Original Scientific Paper

Dedić Mirza, Bečić Ervina, Imamović Belma, Žiga Nermina 

Abstract: Clindamycin is a broad spectrum antibiotic that belongs to the lincosamide group. It acts mostly as a bacteriostatic antibiotic, but it also has mild bactericidal activity. The most common clinical conditions in which they are used are: infections in gynecology, gingiva infections, respiratory tract, skin and soft tissue infections, intra-abdominal infections, pneumonia caused by Pneumocystis jiroveci, toxoplasmosis, malaria, babesiosis, and acne. Clindamycin is available in several pharmaceutical forms, which can be administered orally, intravenously, intramuscularly or intradermally. It is usually prepared as an ex tempore 1% clindamycin lotion that is used dermally, in the treatment of a mild form of acne. The proposed UV-Vis spectrophotometric method allows analyzing the content of clindamycin hydrochloride in the extemporaneous formulation of 1% clindamycin lotion. Clindamycin chloride content analysis was performed on samples of 1% clindamycin lotions purchased in pharmacies in Canton Sarajevo. The results showed that the content of clindamycin hydrochloride in the ex tempore prepared preparations varied from 21% to 142%.

The UV-Vis method does not require complicated preparation of the sample, and is therefore fast, reliable and economical, and as such can be used in regular control of the content of clindamycin hydrochloride inex tempore prepared lotion.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 49-54.

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Application of Photochemistry Principles, Models, and Simulations in the Study of Gaseous Components of Space Bodies and Interstellar Matter with Recent Developments Review

Krečo Anes, Biščević Helena, Handžić Azra, Gojak-Salimović Sabina  

Abstract: Space exploration was from its inception multidisciplinary field of research. Whether it is a design of devices that separate light into it different wavelengths, comparison of extracted data to known characteristics of spectrum of molecules, engineering of complex autonomous system of interplanetary probes or intricate calculations of vehicle trajectories, the objective was the same, understanding of the Universe around us. Chemistry as fundamental natural science finds its place in the area known as astrochemistry. When it comes to direct experimentation most of work is done on board the remotely operated space probes that are often self-enclosed laboratories on other space objects or orbiters. However, data collected by these is overshadowed by sheer volume of information extracted from light collected by Earth and space-based observatories and it is here that photochemistry takes the prime role. In last few decades, with development of computing technology, mathematical models have taken root in interpreting data collected by observations and predicting the characteristics of objects analogous to already well-studied ones. Several of the recent studies in this field have been discussed in this paper.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 50, 55-60.

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