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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Issue 60

Publication date: June 2023

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Content of Metals in Cow, Sheep and Goat Milk Samples Original Scientific Article

Korać (R), S., Huremović, J., Žero, S., Ljubijankić, N.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.60.01

UDK: 543[637.12:546.3]

Abstract: Milk is an excellent source of many essential nutrients, including Ca, proteins and vitamin D. Nine metals (Ca, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Zn, Ni and Pb) in raw and pasteurized milk of cow, sheep and goat were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry, flame technique. The levels of Cd, Fe, Mn, Ni and Pb were below the detection limit of the used method. The concentration ranges for Ca, Mg, Zn and Cu, in all milk samples, were as follows: 459.8-992.8, 59.5-206.8, <LOD-22.31 and <LOD-3.20 mg/L, respectively. The order of the metal levels in regards to concentration was Ca>Mg>Zn>Cu. The highest content of Ca and Mg was found in goat milk. In the case of cow's milk, the content of Ca, Mg and Zn increased with increasing amount of milk fat in processed milk. Matrix correlation analysis showed that there is a significant correlation for the following pairs: Ca-Mg (r = 0.830), Zn-Cu (r = 0.799) and Ca-Zn (r = 0.624). Also, a strong correlation was found between milk fat and Ca, Mg and Zn (Pearson factor, r > 0.600). Based on daily consumption of 200 mL of milk, the milk consumption does not meet the daily requirements for determined elements. Most significant intake was in case of Ca.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 60, 1-6.

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Investigation of Antioxidant Activity of Gallic, Protocatechuic and Vanilic Acid using the Briggs-Rauscher Reaction as Tool Original Scientific Article

Gojak-Salimović, S., Alijagić, N., Ramić, S.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.60.02

UDK: 544[542.943'78:661.73]

Abstract: Hydroxybenzoic acids are an important class of polyphenols because their strong antioxidative activity. In this study, the antioxidant activity of three hydroxybenzoic acids was investigated using the Briggs-Rauscher reaction. Besides individual gallic, protocatechuic, and vanillic acids at concentrations of 250, 500, and 1000 µM respectively, the various mixtures of two and three hydroxybenzoic acids were also tested. The highest antioxidant activity showed protocatechuic acid at a concentration of 1000 µM while the lowest antioxidant activity was observed for vanillic acid at a concentration of 250 µM. The most of investigated hydroxybenzoic acids mixtures showed some degree of antagonistic effect. The highest antagonistic effect was found for the equimolar mixture of protocatechuic and vanillic acid at concentration of 250 μM. On the contrary, the equimolar mixture of gallic acid and vanillic acid at the same concentration indicated a high synergistic effect.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 60, 7-12.

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Addressing Linguistic and Cultural Heterogeneity in Chemistry Classrooms: Findings from the In-service Teacher Training Program Original Scientific Article

Nuić, I., Mrdić, M., Zejnilagić-Hajrić, M., Dedić Bukvić, E., Mešanović-Meša, E.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.60.03

UDK: 54:371:321[008:81-22]

Abstract: One of the challenges in the teaching science in Bosnia and Herzegovina is its plurality of languages and cultural diversity. In the previous initial teacher education, there was a lack of quality preparation for these modern challenges; opportunities to teach cultural and linguistic diversity were not recognized. Therefore, the challenge is to encourage experienced chemistry teachers to develop competencies for an intercultural teaching environment within the Educating Science Teachers for All (ESTA) project. The participants of the in-service professional development program were chemistry teachers from three cantons in Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The aim of the program was to develop and improve professional competencies through workshops and work in groups, with discussions on selected topics and laboratory exercises with the use of modern laboratory equipment and ICT. Teaching opportunities were offered in linguistically diverse classes, as well as in classes with other forms of student diversity. The results showed that teachers are aware of the need to be sensitized for student differences. They expressed positive impressions and willingness to adjust the teaching material according to the needs of their students, but also the need for further support through collaboration with the university staff.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 60, 13-20.

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The Influence of Foreign Ions on Determination and Speciation of Cr(VI) and Cr(III) from Water Samples Original Scientific Article

Ramić, E., Žero, S., Memić, M.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.60.04

UDK: 543[628.3:544.344.3]

Abstract: This study reports: a) the content of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr(III), Cr(VI), Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, and Zn in wastewater from metal industries and rivers that flow near the metal processing industries; b) the possibility of quantitative determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the presence of the following cations: Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ni²⁺, Mn^2+; and Zn²⁺and anions Cl^-, NO₃^-, and SO₄^2-; c) speciation of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) on silica gel modified with Nb₂O₅. Metals were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry, except for Na and K, which were determined by atomic emission spectrometry, and Cr(VI) by ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry. When the concentration of cations is higher than Mg²⁺ (>25 mg/L), Ni²⁺ (>100 mg/L), Fe³⁺ (>250 mg/L), Zn²⁺ (>500 mg/L), and Mn²⁺ (>1000 mg/L), an error greater than 10 % is obtained in the measurement of Cr(III) . Silica gel modified with Nb₂O₅ can be considered as an effective solid phase extraction adsorbent for speciation of Cr species and simultaneous concentration of Cr(III). The proposed method was successfully applied to the speciation and determination of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) in the analyzed samples. The content of almost all analyzed metals has been below the permitted values for wastewaters.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 60, 21-29.

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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Issue 61

Publication date: December 2023

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Phytochemical analysis of eight Genista L. taxa (Fabaceae) from natural populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina Original Scientific Article

Pustahija, F., Bašić, N., Starčević, M., Subašić, M., Boškailo, A., Parić, A., Hukić, E.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.61.01

UDK: 547[582.916.26:543.063] (497.6)

Abstract: Phytochemical analysis of aerial parts of eight autochthonous Genista L. taxa (brooms; Fabaceae; G. germanica, G. januensis, G. pilosa, G. radiata, G. sagittalis, G. sericea, G. sylvestris ssp. dalmatica and G. tinctoria) from natural populations in Bosnia and Herzegovina was performed in this study. Using fast phytochemical methods, for the first time, emodin was identified in the genus; coumarins, fatty acids, saponins, steroids, tannins and terpenoids in some taxa, but also the presence of phenolic compounds or the absence of anthocyanins in all studied taxa. The analysis of total phenol (TPC), flavonoid (TFC), phenolic acids (TPA) and alkaloid (TA) contents and antioxidant activity (DPPH), determined by spectrophotometry method, indicated the existence of differences between the studied taxa (p<0.01). The taxa differed significantly from each other in TPA and TA, and the least in terms of antioxidant activity. There is a positive correlation between TPA, TPC and TFC in one hand, and TA and antioxidative activity in other (p<0.01). The Euclidean dendrogram indicates two main clusters: the first cluster includes G. januensis and G. pilosa, and the second is derived from the remaining six taxa. Obtained PCA clusters were more diffused than those generated by Euclidean distance dendrogram but in a good agreement with them. The obtained data indicate the need for further phytochemical and pharmacological research of the genus Genista, as a very interesting source of natural active compounds, as well as population research with special emphasis on the influence of microclimate on SMs content.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 61, 1-9.

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GHG emissions in the current and future MSW management system in Zvornik, Bosnia and Herzegovina Original Scientific Article

Bjelić, D., Malinović, B., Nešković Markić, D., Gegić, B.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.61.02

UDK: 628.468:504.7(497.6 Zvornik)

Abstract: Each and every step in the process of municipal solid waste (MSW) management generates the greenhouse gases (GHG). Therefore, it is imperative to focus on MSW from the source to the final waste disposal in order to decrease the negative impact on the environment. This study aims to calculate the GHG emissions at the present moment (Status Quo) for waste management as well as on the improved MSW management that should be implemented in this local community by 2027 (Scenario 2027). To visualize waste streams in these two scenarios, the STAN 2.5 software was used, and for the calculation of GHG emissions in the City of Zvornik, the IWM-2 software was used. The MSW management Status Quo is basically characterized by the collection communal of waste and its deposition on the landfill without a degasification system and landfill gas treatment. The guidelines and recommendations for MSW management improvement, Scenario 2027 propose the establishment of separate collections of secondary raw materials and biodegradable waste, and improved collection and treatment of landfill gas at the landfill site. The implementation of these measures would result in a reduction of approximately 40% in GHG emissions compared to the Status Quo. The most significant impact would be realized in the environment due to the collection and treatment of landfill.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 61, 11-19.

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Cyclosporine A concentrations in blood measured with the immunoassays on Roche e601® and ADVIA Centaur XP® analysers-what is the extent of the agreement? Original Scientific Article

Tijanić, A., Beletić, A., Stanković, S.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.61.03

UDK: 577.1[57.087.3:612.11]

Abstract: Monitoring of cyclosporine A (Cs A) concentrations is inevitable for efficient and safe immunosuppression. Currently, immunoassays are the most often used method. The study compared the Cs A concentrations in EDTA-blood samples of 50 patients, measured on Roche e601® and ADVIA Centaur XP® analyzers. The Cs A concentrations on e601® were between 30.00 and 573.00 ng/mL. On Centaur XP® they were in the range 30.2-395.2 ng/mL. For all data the correlation coefficient (95% confidence interval (CI)) was 0.98 (0.97-0.99), while in the groups with concentrations below and above 100 ng/mL it was 0.90 (0.74-0.93) and 0.98 (0.94-0.99), respectively. The slope (95% CI) in the Passing-Bablok analysis on all results was 0.73 (0.67-0.83), and the intercept (95% CI) was 12.53 (6.66-17.78). In the group with results below 100 ng/mL, the slope was 0.92 (0.77-1.12) and the intercept 3.05 (from -8.45 to 12.09). For the Cs A concentrations above 100 ng/mL the slope was 0.71 (0.64-0.84) and the intercept 9.31 (from -8.86 to 24.27). The proportional and systematic errors were present in a wide range of Cs A concentrations measured on the evaluated analyzers. The concordance was satisfactory for concentrations below 100 ng/mL.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 61, 21-24.

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Leachate of landfill Smiljevići (Sarajevo, BiH) and their environmental statusOriginal Scientific Article

Mahmutović, O., Prazina, N.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2023.61.04

UDK: 543.31[628.3:504](497.6 Smiljevići)

Abstract: Leachates are produced as a filtrate from waste landfills as a result of highly polluted waters. Organic substances that are mostly present are: phenolic compounds, halogen organic substances, oils and fats. The presence of nitrogen substances is significant, followed by phosphoric substances, sulfates, chlorides, and heavy metals. Sanitary landfill "Smiljevići", created 60 years ago, is placed on the hill area of Novi Grad municipality, Sarajevo. In that time area around landfill was very sparsely populated. Following the legislative, the leachate from the Smiljevići landfill does not have a good environmental status. On the other hand, according to global - typical values, contaminant concentrations are much closer to low than average values. The content of contaminants with long retention in nature and tendency to bioaccumulation is within legal limits. Most parameters that exceed the permitted values include usually biodegradable compounds that the stream of the river Bosnia can absorb better than the small ecosystem of the Lepenički creek. The problem is further aggravated bz the fact that the area surrounding the creek is now relatively densely populated, the stream has a small water capacity, especially in the summer, and the contaminants are mostly volatile. Finally, this problem also can be attributed to irresponsible activity of urban planning.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 60, 25-31.

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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Special Issue 2022

Publication date: June-July 2022

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Catalysis and environment: the good, the bad and the ugly Plenary lecture

Suljo Linić

Abstract: It has become increasingly clear that human-induced CO2 emissions are having potentially irreversible impact on the environment. In this presentation, I will share my views on the current state of the CO2 pollution problem and discuss potential mitigation strategies. I will focus on the solutions that involve catalysts and discuss how achievable these solutions are, and which of the solutions gives us the highest probability to make positive impact. Most of these solutions will require abundant and economically viable generation of renewable hydrogen. I will discuss our work on solar splitting of water to form hydrogen on hybrid semiconductor/electro-catalysts systems. I will also discuss our recent efforts aimed at pairing the CO2 capture with in-situ electrochemical reduction of the captured CO2 molecules.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 3.

Biomass oxy-fuel combustion technology as carbon neutral renewable source of energy to replace fossil fuels Plenary lecture

Farooq Sher

Abstract: Due to growing concerns about climate change, the heat and power sector is continuously facing challenges to reduce CO2 emissions. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) is one of the short-medium term measures that can mitigate CO2 emissions emitted from fossil fuels utilisation. Oxy-fuel combustion is a promising technology for CSS that can be integrated into the new and the current fleet of power plants. Biomass is a carbon-neutral renewable source of energy that can replace fossil fuels. If the biomass is utilised as a fuel in oxy-fuel combustion it could lead even to negative CO2 emissions. However, oxy-fuel combustion technology in fluidised beds is in the early stages of development and still needs a lot of research for improvement before its application on full-scale power plants. The basic combustion fundamentals of different biomass fuels in terms of energy production were studied using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) under air, N2, CO2 and selected oxy-fuel (30%O2/70%CO2) reaction environments. Then a 20 kWth bubbling fluidised bed combustor (BFBC) was designed, manufactured and successfully tested for a range of biomass fuels under air and oxy-fuel combustion environments. The agglomeration and sintering behaviour of these biomass fuels during combustion under air was also investigated using different analytical techniques such as SEM-EDX, XRD and XRF. The biomass fuels investigated include domestic wood, industrial wood, miscanthus, wheat straw and peanut shell pellets. The BFBC testing of these biomass fuels focused on the influence of operating conditions, the effect of excess air level and fuel feed rate on the hydrodynamics, temperature profiles and emissions, NOx, CO2 and CO within the BFBC.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 4.

Chemical characterization of surfaces and thin films for the development of new materials and quality control Plenary lecture

Janez Kovač

Abstract: Surfaces and thin films of solid materials play an important role in many technological fields like corrosion, catalysis, polymers, plasma surface engineering, coatings, tribology, implants, sensors, microelectronics, etc. Application of analytical methods with high surface and chemical sensitivity is important for a complete understanding of surface reactions, functional properties, and degradation of materials in such applications. Scanning electron microscopy - SEM in combination with EDXS is very often applied to analyze the morphology and elemental chemical composition with high lateral resolution. In this presentation, another two methods with high surface sensitivity will be presented, i.e., X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy – XPS and Secondary ion mass spectrometry - SIMS. These methods have surface sensitivity in the range of 1-5 nm, making them unique surface probes. The XPS analyses can give information on chemical composition, oxidation states (identification of Cu(0)/Cu(1+)/Cu(2+), Ti(0)/Ti(3+)/Ti(4+)) and bonding of elements (C-C/C-O/O=C-O) at surfaces and thin films. The SIMS method allows the identification of a type of molecules and molecular structure at surfaces, which is particularly important for analyses of organic materials. The XPS and SIMS methods can be combined with ion etching to remove the surface layers and analyze subsurface chemical composition up to one micron. In such a way, a depth distribution in thin films and multilayer structures can be obtained. In this presentation, we will show typical applications of surface analytical methods XPS and SIMS in our laboratory for the development of new catalytic materials based on doped TiO2, a study of corrosion inhibitors, the application of the graphene-based materials, and the degradation of perovskite solar cells. Also, examples of surface analyses for quality control as support for industrial partners in Slovenia will be presented. SIMS. These methods have surface sensitivity in the range of 1-5 nm, making them unique surface probes. The XPS analyses can give information on chemical composition, oxidation states (identification of Cu(0)/Cu(1+)/Cu(2+), Ti(0)/Ti(3+)/Ti(4+)) and bonding of elements (C-C/C-O/O=C-O) at surfaces and thin films. The SIMS method allows the identification of a type of molecules and molecular structure at surfaces, which is particularly important for analyses of organic materials. The XPS and SIMS methods can be combined with ion etching to remove the surface layers and analyze subsurface chemical composition up to one micron. In such a way, a depth distribution in thin films and multilayer structures can be obtained. In this presentation, we will show typical applications of surface analytical methods XPS and SIMS in our laboratory for the development of new catalytic materials based on doped TiO2, a study of corrosion inhibitors, the application of the graphene-based materials, and the degradation of perovskite solar cells. Also, examples of surface analyses for quality control as support for industrial partners in Slovenia will be presented.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 5.

Book of Abstract - Special Issue 2022 (full version)

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Issue 62

Publication date: June 2024

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Evaluation of Antioxidant, Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Effects of Pink Pepper Fruit Essential Oil Original Scientific Article

Horozić, E., Ademović, Z., Dautović, E., Kolarević, L., Cilović Kozarević, E., Karić, E., Ibišević, M., Huseinović, E., Husejnagić, D.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2024.62.01

UDK: 547.913:582.672

Abstract: Pink pepper is classified into the Californian/Peruvian type (Schinus molle) and the Brazilian type (S. terebinthifolia). According to studies, pink pepper extracts and essential oils have shown anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, genotoxic and antidiabetic properties in in vitro and in vivo studies. The results of bioactivity tests vary depending on the geographical origin of the pepper. In this paper, the cytotoxic, antioxidant and anti-bacterial effects of the essential oil of the commercial pink pepper fruit from the Tuzla market were investigated. To assess the cytotoxic potential, a tetrazolium salt reduction (MTT) viability assay was performed. The antioxidant potential was examined spectrophotometrically, using DPPH and FRAP methods. Diffusion techniques were used to evaluate the antibacterial activity of the essential oil. Using GC/MS, 24 components of red pepper essential oil were identified, of which α-pinene, α-phellandrene, δ-3-carene and D-limonene dominate. The studied pink pepper essential oil inhibited the cell proliferation in the HeLa cell line, causing a dose-dependent cytotoxic effect (IC₅₀=389.46 µg/mL). The essential oil inhibits DPPH radicals. The reducing ability is relatively weak. For the essential oil, an extremely good ability to inhibit the growth of the bacteria used in this study was confirmed. These results indicate a very high potential of essential oil of pink pepper fruit as an inhibitor of pathogenic organisms.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62, 01-06

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The inhibitory properties of the boiling extracts from Malus sylvestris andSyringa vulgaris flowers on the corrosion of stainless steel in sulphuric acid medium Original Scientific Article

Oo Z. Y. M., Nikolaychuk P. A.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2024.62.02

UDK: 634.11[691.714.018.9:620.196]

Abstract: The inhibitory properties of the Malus sylvestris flower and Syringa vulgaris flower boiling extracts against the stainless steel EN Fe37-3FN corrosion in 0.5 M sulphuric acid medium were studied using electrochemical methods, including open circuit potential measurement, potentiodynamic polarisation and EIS. The addition of 10 mg/l of the Malus sylvestris flower extract slows the corrosion by 15%, and that of of 10 g/l – by 65%, while the addition of 10 mg/l of the Syringa vulgaris flower extract slows the corrosion by 30%, and that of of 1 g/l and more – by 65%. The Langmuir absorption model describes the adsorption of the components of the extracts on a surface of the steel, and the adsorption is physical in its nature. The Malus sylvestris flower and Syringa vulgaris flower extracts reveal themselves as interesting and environmentally safe substances for the steel corrosion rate reduction in acidic environments.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62, 07-12

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Binding constants and in silico analysis of albumin interaction with phenolic acids and flavonoids Original Scientific Article

Kristić, D., Dizdar, M., Ćavar Zeljković, S., Kopečny, D., Topčagić, A.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2024.62.03

UDK: 547.962.3:547.588.3

Abstract: : In this study, fluorescence techniques were utilized to investigate the interactions of selected phenolic acids (PAs) and flavonoids (FLs) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) under physiological conditions. The binding of PAs/FLs with BSA was investigated at three temperatures: 292, 303 and 310 K. From the obtained spectra, the Stern-Volmer constant (K_sv), bimolecular quenching constant (k_q), binding constants (K_b), and binding site number (n) constants were calculated. Presented results indicate that fluorescence quenching of BSA in the presence of phenolic acids/flavonoids is a static quenching process. The strongest static binding occurs during the formation of the BSA-pHBA (p-hydroxybenzoic acid) complex (k_q = 57.1×10¹² M^-1s^-1 at 292 K), and BSA-Que (quercetin) complex (k_q = 42.8×10¹² M^-1s^-1 at 292 K). The structure of PAs/FLs was revealed to significantly affect the binding/quenching process and additionaly, fluorescence resonance energy transfer studies confirmed the static nature of this process. The results of synchronous fluorescence spectra suggest changes in the microenvironment of tyrosine. Three-dimensional spectra showed changes related to the backbone structures of the protein chain (caused by the π-π∗transition of the carbonyl group). Furthermore, thermal denaturation was performed by nano differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) and transition temperature (T_m) values for BSA complexes with PAs/FLs are slightly lower than T_m for BSA, except T_m for BSA complexes with kaempferol and chrysine. According to in silico analysis, theoretically, caffeic acid and quercetin showed the best binding position with albumin (4F5S).

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62, 13-24

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Application of hydrophobic solvents based on L-menthol, as greener alternatives to classical solvents for Pb(II) ions extraction Original Scientific Article

Suljkanović, M., Suljagić, J., Bjelić, E, Mandžukić, A.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2024.62.04

UDK: 547[544.722.132:541.8]

Abstract: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) as a new-generation of solvents are receiving increasing attention as environmentally friendly solvents in various analytical techniques. These solvents are new generation solvents, and based upon what they are derived from, they can be the safest, cheapest, and most effective extraction methods available. With DES, the extraction efficiency and metal ion recycling are significantly improved. In this work, the potential application of these solvents for the extraction of Pb(II) ions was investigated. For that purpose, hydrophobic DESs (HDESs), based on L-menthol as H-acceptor and decanoic acid as H-donor, were prepared at molar ratios of acceptor to donor of 1:1 and 1:2. In the optimized extraction procedure, the Pb(II) ions were extracted into the organic phase with the efficiency of 94.3% and 97.3% for 1:1Men:DecA and 1:2 Men: Dec A, respectively. The results also showed that unlike of classical liquid-liquid extraction methods, in the original solutions, counterions are not required to transfer the analyte to the hydrophobic phase. Furthermore, no ligands were required to transfer the analyte ions to the HDES phase: the results show that the extraction efficiency of 1:1 HDES decreased to 88.65% in the presence of 18C6, and to 96.5% for 1:2 HDES. Comparable results for HDES (1:1 Men: DecA) extraction efficiency in the proposed method with the efficiency of 1,2-dichloroethane and chloroform in classical methods (96.7% and 92%, respectively), without counterions and without the requirement for ligands as carriers, make this HDES-based extraction method simpler, less expensive, and most importantly, more environmentally friendly.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62, 25-30

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The relationship between the physical and lipid characteristics of eggs from hens that were fed a diet supplemented with fat Original Scientific Article

Ohran, H., Hodžić, A., Semić, A., Ajanović, A., Crnkić, Ć.

DOI: 10.35666/2232-7266.2024.62.05

UDK: 577.1:637.41

Abstract: The aim of this study was to investigate the potential correlations between certain physical and lipid characteristics of eggs from hens fed diets supplemented with three different types of fat. A six-week-last experiment was conducted on 45 Brown Lohman laying hens, 56 weeks of age. Animals were randomly divided into three groups of 15, and fed one of three experimental diets supplemented with either 3% of fish oil, palm olein, and lard. Samples of 10 eggs per group were collected at the start and at the end of the experiment to determine four physical and six lipid characteristics in boiled eggs. The supplementation of the hens' diet with fat at significantly affected the physical characteristics of the The biggest impact on such finding for total sample of investigated eggs had palm olein as a supplement in hen diet. Among the three investigated fat supplements, the addition of 3% lard to the laying hen diet resulted in the smallest total number of significant correlations between investigated physical and lipid traits. Comparing the end to the start of our experiment, supplementation of hen diet with fat decreases the number of correlations among egg physical and lipid characteristics, what can be considered as a positive result from both egg producer and consumer interests.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina 62, 31-38

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Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Special Issue 2024

Publication date: June 2024

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Tumor Selective Ru(III) Schiff Bases Complexes, Discrimination of Ru(III)/Ru(II) Complexes in Solution: A DFT Study Opening Ceremony Lecture

Emira Kahrović

Abstract: We recently reported a new Ru(III) complex (C1) with two Schiff bases and two chlorides that showed higher efficacy and improved cytotoxicity toward the triple-negative breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231 compared to traditional antineoplastic drugs in use. In order to investigate hydrolysis as a possible activation step DFT method of electronic structure calculation was used to obtain a preliminary insight for C1 under the conditions of the predicted atomic/ionic/molecular environment. The presence of both Na(+) and Mg(2+) counterions and reducing agents in every cell plasma, give rise to several scenarios of C1 complexes interaction with living cell media. The DFT calculations showed the following: (i) the absolute energies of the complexes depend on the ruthenium oxidation state and the nature and type of association with the counter ion(s) (ii) the pairing of the C1-complex with the metal ion lowers the energy for solvated Mg(2+) compared to Na(+) (iii) the C1-Ru(II)/EtOH is more stable than the C1-Ru(III)/EtOH, and (iv) overall, the substitution of a chloride ligand by a water molecule is a thermodynamically unfavorable process. The proton from all Ru(III)Cl-OH2 species is more acidic compared to free water, consequently, under physiological conditions Ru(III)-ClOH2 does not exist. For Ru(II)-ClOH2 associated with Mg(2+) proton loss is a slightly favored process. Simulated substitution of Ru(III)-ClCl to Ru(III)-ClOH2 and the corresponding Ru(II) species suggest the following trend: from the a prori thermodynamic point of view hydrolysis of the C1 complex ranges from unfavorable to significantly prohibitive. Based on these calculations, hydrolysis does not appear to be a significant activation step of C1 as a potential drug.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 3.

Reticular Nanoscience: Bottom-Up Assembly Nanotechnology Plenary lecture

Stefan Wuttke

Abstract: The chemistry of metal-organic and covalent organic frameworks (MOFs and COFs) is perhaps the most diverse and inclusive among the chemical sciences, and yet it can be radically expanded by blending it with nanotechnology. The result is reticular nanoscience, an area of reticular chemistry that has an immense potential in virtually any technological field. In this talk, we explore the extension of such an interdisciplinary reach by surveying the explored and unexplored possibilities that framework nanoparticles can offer. We localize these unique nanosized reticular materials at the juncture between the molecular and the macroscopic worlds, and describe the resulting synthetic and analytical chemistry, which is fundamentally different from conventional frameworks. Such differences are mirrored in the properties that reticular nanoparticles exhibit, which we described while referring to the present state-of-the-art and future promising applications in medicine, catalysis, energy- related applications, and sensors. Finally, the bottom-up approach of reticular nanoscience, inspired by nature, is brought to its full extension by introducing the concept of augmented reticular chemistry. Its approach departs from a single-particle scale to reach higher mesoscopic and even macroscopic dimensions, where framework nanoparticles become building units themselves and the resulting super-materials approach new levels of sophistication of structures and properties.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 7.

Element Accumulation in Mushrooms Plenary lecture

Walter Goessler

Abstract: Mushrooms are important in ecosystems as symbionts, saprotrophs, and parasites. The roles of fungi involve element cycling, rock and mineral transformations, bioweathering, fungal-clay interactions, and metal-fungal interactions. Therefore, fungi can also liberate elements from soil, effectively transform halogens, metals, metalloids, and organometallic compounds by reduction, methylation, and dealkylation. These processes are very important for our ecosystems since transformations of metal(loid)s modify their mobility and toxicity.

As it is really difficult to remove soil or rotted wood from the mycelium fruit bodies are mainly investigated for the transformed elements from soil. Moreover fruit-bodies serve as important nutrient source for parasites, wild animals, and also humans. It is not commonly known that fruit bodies may accumulate remarkable concentrations of (trace) elements. The well-known King Bolete (Boletus edulis) is known to accumulate the essential trace element selenium but on the other hand this fungus also accumulates significant amounts of mercury. This heavy metal is well known for its toxic properties. The Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) is a selective vanadium accumulator. Several 100s of mg V/kg dry mass have been determined during our studies. Thelephora penicillatawas found to be a cadmium accumulating mushroom (more than 1000 mg Cd/kg). Additionally, this mushroom accumulated high concentrations of arsenic. The Violet Crown Cup (Sarcosphaera coronaria), a mushroom considered edible in previous days, has been reported as an arsenic accumulator. We have determined close to 1 % of arsenic on a dry mass basis. Such concentrations are hardly ever reported for any natural living organism. The edible Ink Stain Bolete (Cyanoboletus pulverulentus) is also capable to accumulate up to 1300 mg As/kg. The False Chantarelle (Hygrophoropsis aurantiaca) was discovered to be an iron accumulating mushroom. Up to 5000 mg Fe/kg were found frequently in this species.As not all arsenic compounds have the same toxic properties it is necessary to determine the arsenic speciation. Our research provided new results with respect to the arsenic speciation in mushrooms. During our research we discovered several new arsenicals for the first time in living organisms. The presentation covers analytical aspects as well as the results for the total element determinations and the elemental speciation in different mushroom species.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 8.

Ruthenium Complexes as Antitumor Agents – Current Status and Perspective Plenary lecture

Sanja Grgurić Šipka

Abstract: The unique characteristics of metal-based compounds make them attractive as therapeutic and imaging agents. In the treatment of cancer, metal complexes have occupied an important place, helping to cure or prolong millions of lives. The most famous complex, cisplatin (cis-diamminedichloridoplatinum(II)), used alone or in combination therapy, is one of the most successful therapeutic metallodrugs discovered so far. Its limitations, such as drug resistance, limited spectrum of activity, and worsening side effects, have initiated efforts to critically consider other metal-based complexes with cytotoxic properties. Anticancer Ru complexes gained significant interest after two iconic Ru(III) complexes ̵-NAMI-A ((ImH)[trans-RuCl4(dmso-S)(Im)], Im = imidazole) and KP1339 (later renamed as IT-139 and BOLD-100, Na[trans-RuCl4(Ind)2], Ind = indazole) - entered their first human clinical trials at the beginning of the 21st century. The successful completion of phase I and entry into phase II clinical trials of the phototherapeutic TLD1433 has further enhanced the role of Ru as a metal of choice for the design of new anticancer agents. Besides, the ruthenium(II)-arene motif, modifiable through mono- or bidentate ligands, and halide coordination also provide complexes with excellent antiproliferative activity. For instance, a variety of ruthenium(II)-arene complexes with dppz (dipyrido[3,2-a:2’,3’-c]phenazine-based ligands) also provides a promising strategy for developing potent antitumor agents. To conclude, ruthenium compounds hold significant promise due to their diverse structures, mechanism of action, and potential to overcome limitations associated with traditional anticancer agents. Top of Form

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 9.

A Chemical Biology Toolkit to Understand and Target Biomolecular Condensates Keynote lecture

Anita Đonlić

Abstract: Cells organize functional processes into compartments to survive. Biomolecular condensates are unique compartments in that they can locally concentrate components to execute specific functions while lacking a surrounding membrane. As such, condensates dynamically respond to changes caused by stress, disease states, cell cycle stages, and drug treatments. These responses are reflected in microscopically-visible changes in condensate morphology; however, the link between a condensate’s (dys)function and its morphology change is not well understood.

The aim of this work was to understand the structure-function relationship of the nucleolus, the cell’s largest condensate and center of ribosome biogenesis. Specifically, we used a set of small molecule drugs to selectively inhibit different steps of ribosome assembly and observed distinct changes in nucleolar architecture by fluorescence microscopy. We then utilized this data as a training set to build a first-in-class deep neural network that accurately classifies drug-induced nucleolar morphology changes. Importantly, we demonstrated that the extent of nucleolar morphology disruption caused by these drugs can be quantified and used to predict the degree to which they perturb specific nucleolar processes. Next, we conducted a pilot drug screen to identify novel nucleolar phenotypes and nucleolar interaction networks. Given that nucleolar morphology and ribosome production are dysregulated in disease, current efforts are focused on clinically relevant applications of this technology. Together, this work demonstrates that automated imaging and deep learning-assisted analysis of condensate perturbations by small molecules can be used as a powerful discovery platform for new biology as well as for novel diagnostic and therapeutic development.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 12.

Understanding the Activity and Stability of Electrocatalytic Materials Keynote lecture

Milutin Smiljanić

Abstract: Climate change and environmental degradation, which are among the greatest concerns of the modern world, are directly linked to the ever-increasing use of fossil fuels. Electrochemistry and electrocatalysis have proven to be key factors in the transition to sustainable energy and clean chemical production. For example, the implementation of the hydrogen economy concept largely depends on the efficiency of water electrolyzers and fuel cells, which are used to produce green hydrogen and convert it into electricity without carbon emissions. In addition, electrochemical conversion processes offer promising opportunities to extract value-added chemicals from abundant CO₂and to produce ammonia through the electro-reduction of nitrogen. The efficiency of these electrochemical devices depends on the performance of the catalytic materials used to carry out the reactions.

This talk will focus on investigating the stability and activity of electrocatalytic composites as two key factors for their applicability. I will present the approaches developed in our group for the in-depth investigation of the degradation processes of electrocatalytic materials based on the coupling of electrochemistry with advanced techniques such as electron microscopy and ICP-MS. The necessity of using these methods to evaluate the stability of some practical materials will be illustrated. The second part of my presentation will focus on metal-support interaction (MSI) as an effective tool for tailoring advanced electrocatalytic composites. In contrast to carbon, advanced support materials (such as in-house developed titanium oxynitride) can induce MSI, which can enhance the activity and also the stability of supported metal nanoparticles for water-splitting reactions.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 13.

The “Pure Water” Model, a New/Old Approach for the Medium and Ionic Strength Dependence of Formation Constants Keynote lecture

Demetrio M. MIiea

Abstract: Several models and theories exist for the medium, ionic strength and temperature dependence of stability constants and activity coefficients, all with their pros and cons. Between the ‘80s and ‘90s, the group of Prof. Silvio Sammartano from the University of Messina proposed, with the precious support of other colleagues, a model for the ionic strength (and temperature) dependence of formation constants, based on three assumptions:

[H1]: It is possible to express the dependence on ionic strength of formation constants by a simple equation, independently of the type of reactants and products, and only dependent on the type of reaction.

[H2]: All the deviations from the predicted behavior are ascribed to weak complex formation between components and/or species under study and the background ions (e.g., the ionic medium). This implies that “pure water” is considered as reference state, and some ions as non-interacting with the reactants and/or products involved in the studied equilibrium.

[H3]: Perchlorate does not interact with cationic species, tetraethylammonium cations (and higher tetraalkylammonium analogues) do not with O-donor ligands, and Na⁺ and K⁺ do not with N-donor ligands.

Evidences collected during more than half a century demonstrated the validity of this “pure water model”, showing its potential to model the speciation of several multicomponent complex systems in a simple way. This contribution describes the main features of the model through some examples, highlighting the theoretical and practical aspects of this approach in the speciation modeling of systems of different complexity, including real systems.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 14.

Characterization of Silver(I) Complexes with Halo-Substituted Pyridine Derivatives in Solution and in the Solid State Keynote lecture

Sunčica Roca

Abstract: The coordination chemistry of silver(I) complexes has attracted significant attention due to theirantimicrobial and antitumor properties. The flexibility of the silver(I) coordination sphere along with the versatilerole of the nitrate ion (bridging, monodentate, bidentate ligand) offers the possibility to createstructurally diverse compounds. Moreover, halogen (Cl, Br, I) substitution of the pyridine ring further modulates the properties and behavior of such compounds through halogen and hydrogen bonds.

Herein we highlight the importance of structure-property relationships in the development of bioactive compounds. The new silver complexes wereprepared by the reaction of AgNO₃ and the corresponding pyridine derivative, yielding compounds with the general formula [Ag(NO₃)(X_npy)₂], X = Cl, Br, I; n = 1-2. The isolated products were characterized by multinuclear NMR spectroscopy (¹H, ¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁰⁹Ag), mass spectrometry and single crystal X‑ray diffraction data. The bioactivity of the compounds was also tested.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 15.

Anti-inflammatory Effects of Onion Bulb Extract in the Murine DSS-Colitis Model Keynote lecture

Maitham Abbas Ali Khajah

Abstract: The research is conducted asa contribution to existing literature to determine if onion bulb extract (OBE) reduces colitis severity in mice using treatment, prophylactic, and preventative approaches and the mechanism(s) responsible for these effects. Colitis was induced in mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) daily administration in drinking water. For the treatment approach, mice received DSS for 4 days followed by daily i.p injections of OBE/vehicle administration for 3 days (without DSS administration). For the prophylactic approach, mice received daily i.p injections of OBE/vehicle along with DSS administration for 5 days. For the preventative approach, mice initially received daily i.p injections of OBE/vehicle for 7 days, followed by DSS administration for 5 days (without OBE/vehicle treatment). Colitis severity was determined at the gross and histological levels. The colonic level/activity of various cytokines and chemokines were measured using proteome profiling-based assays, western blotting, and immunofluorescence techniques. In vitro neutrophil superoxide release and survival were assessed by chemiluminescence and Annexin-V/7AAD assays, respectively. DSS-induced colitis was significantly reduced by OBE treatment using the three approaches at both gross and histological levels. OBE was also shown to reduce the colonic expression and activity of several pro-inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways, various cytokines and chemokines, and molecules involved in the apoptotic machinery. In addition, OBE inhibited superoxide release and increased the spontaneous apoptosis of neutrophils. OBE showed anti-inflammatory actions, which are attributed, in part, to the modulation of the expression and activity of important pro-inflammatory molecules and signaling pathways involved in the inflammatory response.

Bulletin of the Chemists and Technologists of Bosnia and Herzegovina Special Issues, 16.

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